When I built my first startup back in 2007, I had to work in a future that didn't exist yet. It wasn't a better printing press. We took the old publishing supply chain, broke it into pieces, and rebuilt them digitally — print-on-demand, zero inventory, mass electronic distribution, and integration with the brand-new e-book world. There was no playbook. You can't optimize something that's never been done. Peter Thiel has a useful name for this. In Zero to One he splits progress into two kinds. Going from 0 to 1 is invention — doing something genuinely new. Going from 1 to n is what he calls globalization: taking something that already works and making more of it, better and faster and cheaper. His point is that a lot of what we call progress is really the second kind, not the first. Both matter. But they're different jobs, and they reward different people. I did the 0→1 part. Since then, others made digital publishing better, faster, and cheaper — Amazon's Kindle platform made publishing a book so easy it's almost a crime. The people who built and scaled that are very different from me. And that's exactly how it should be. There's even research behind it: studying 200+ startups, Noam Wasserman found founders often get replaced as their company grows — not for failing, but because succeeding changes the job into a different one. Success exposes the mismatch; it doesn't remove it. So here's the distinction I'd make after 25 years of this: A builder makes it exist. An operator makes it bigger. Most good things stall the moment you ask one to be the other. Two different jobs. Two different kinds of people. Most stalls I get called into aren't talent problems. They're a mismatch — someone brilliant at one job asked to do the other, or one person trying to do both at once. So before you hire, or beat yourself up for being stuck: name the job you actually need right now. Which one is your initiative actually stuck on — building it, or making it bigger?

Told 5 times, Jun 24, 2026 – Jul 9, 2026

Scaling